What evidence is needed for unjust dismissal Canada?
evidence is needed for unjust dismissal Canada What evidence is needed for unjust dismissal Canada? It refers to the types
READ MOREMay 27, 2026
evidence is needed for unjust dismissal Canada What evidence is needed for unjust dismissal Canada? It refers to the types
READ MOREWorkplace harassment can be distressing and affect both mental health and professional performance. An Employment lawyer Toronto provides critical support
READ MOREtermination pay apply to federally regulated nonprofits Federally regulated nonprofits occupy a unique position in the Canadian employment landscape, balancing
READ MOREBest workplace harassment lawyer online Finding the right legal representation in cases of workplace misconduct can be a challenging process,
READ MOREForensic entomology is the scientific study of insects and their role in criminal investigations. It mainly involves analysing the life
READ MOREA recent U.S. court ruling against Google’s search dominance has spotlighted the challenges regulators face as technology’s rapid evolution continually
READ MOREEach state has its own legal framework for personal injury cases, and Arkansas has specific rules that can complicate claims.
READ MOREWhen you’re involved in a car accident, the aftermath can be as overwhelming as the crash itself. One of the
READ MOREIndia faces a critical challenge in the low conviction rates for sexual assault and violent crimes, despite rising reporting of
READ MOREShared sidewalks and paths are increasingly common in busy cities and suburban areas. Cyclists, runners, and scooter users often share
READ MOREWhen a product meant to protect your baby fails, emotions run high. You want answers and accountability. But one simple
READ MORELife-altering accidents often reveal uncomfortable truths: the protections people are told are reliable frequently fail when needed most. From insurance
READ MOREAccidents involving defective strollers are more commonplace than most parents realize. When a stroller collapses unexpectedly, it can cause serious
READ MOREFor survivors of serious car accidents, the trauma rarely ends at the crash site. The aftermath often involves physical recovery,
READ MOREAvoiding legal pitfalls in real estate transactions is crucial. This article offers expert advice from a mortgage and property lawyer.
READ MOREWhen most people think of workplace injuries, they picture physical harm such as a back injury from heavy lifting, a
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised TPG Asia Pacific and its portfolio company Hasfarm Holdings Limited on the proposed
READ MOREUnibail-Rodamco-Westfield entered into an agreement for the sale of the Pullman Paris Montparnasse hotel—including both the operating company and the
READ MOREIn a thrilling finale that kept spectators on the edge of their seats, DMD Advocates emerged as the champions of
READ MORELondon—Dentons has advised Premier Foods plc (“Premier Foods”), one of the UK’s largest food producers, on its acquisition of Merchant
READ MORESidley advised on the dual primary listing of Jiaxin International Resources Investment Limited (HKEX: 3858, Jiaxin International) on the Main
READ MORERopes & Gray represented the underwriters in Miami International Holdings, Inc.’s $396.8 million IPO. The pricing of the offering was
READ MOREPersonal injury accidents happen more often than most people realize, affecting millions of Americans every year. If you or a
READ MOREAbu Dhabi —Dentons has advised Mashreqbank PSC (Mashreq) and Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (ADCB) as Joint Coordinators with Commercial Bank
READ MORELondon—Dentons has advised one of the largest listed integrated utilities in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, on its $1.2
READ MOREThe Indian government has taken a bold step by outlawing all real-money online games, including fantasy sports, to tackle rising
READ MOREAfter an accident, timing can make all the difference to your compensation claim. Whether you’ve been injured in a motor
READ MOREThe Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is at a critical juncture as more European countries withdraw, citing conflicts with climate objectives.
READ MOREChandigarh, August 2025 – Haryana is setting a remarkable national benchmark in forensic science by undertaking extensive infrastructure modernisation and
READ MORELegal Desire Media proudly announces the appointment of Michelle Syiemlieh as the new Director of Publications and Operations. In this
READ MOREAs an expert in forensic odontology and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI), my work focuses on identifying individuals in complex and
READ MOREChild custody proceedings in San Jose operate under California’s comprehensive family law framework, where courts prioritize the child’s best interest
READ MOREGoogle has admitted to engaging in anti-competitive conduct by pre-installing its search engine as the default service on Android devices
READ MOREElon Musk’s legal strategy is facing a crucial test in a class-action lawsuit concerning his delayed disclosure of Twitter stock
READ MOREA UN-backed panel has officially declared a famine in Gaza for the first time since the war began in 2023.
READ MORERecovering from a serious vehicle collision can be overwhelming—physically, emotionally, and financially. Between medical bills, insurance claims, and time off
READ MOREWhen experiencing or witnessing abuse—whether physical, emotional, or sexual—it can be incredibly difficult to know where to turn or how
READ MORENavigating the aftermath of a car accident or personal injury can be overwhelming, especially when dealing with insurance companies. While
READ MOREThiruvananthapuram, August 22, 2025 – A Cyber breach at Thiruvananthapuram’s Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple has triggered a formal digital forensic investigation.
READ MOREIn a notable shift, India’s Supreme Court on August 22, 2025, softened its earlier September 111 directive on Delhi-NCR’s stray
READ MOREA crash on the Long Island expressway (LIE) is chaotic. Traffic moves fast, shoulders are narrow, and visibility can change
READ MOREIndia’s political landscape witnessed unprecedented chaos as Union Home Minister Amit Shah introduced three controversial bills that could automatically remove
READ MOREForensic science is not just about fingerprints, ballistics or handwriting anymore. Over the last few decades, Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG)
READ MORELosing a loved one because of another person’s negligence can be a difficult experience. You or other loved ones may
READ MORENo one ever expects to be involved in a serious collision involving a truck, but it happens more often than
READ MORESidley represented Howard Midstream Energy Partners, LLC (“Howard Energy”) in connection with its high-yield Rule 144A offering of US$750 million
READ MOREGlobal law firm K&L Gates has advised Deutsche Pfandbriefbank AG on the refinancing of a €105 million logistics portfolio in France
READ MOREDentons represented Akron, Ohio-based Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. (NYSE: BW) as lead transaction counsel in the carve-out sale of
READ MOREThe relationship between people who jointly own a property can be a good one, such as a family member sharing
READ MOREAmsterdam—Global law firm Dentons advised real estate developer and investor Breevast on the financing agreements with Rabobank and NIBC Bank
READ MOREPATNA, AUGUST 2025 – Bihar has witnessed a sharp rise in cybercrime, from 1,606 cases in 2022 to over 5,700
READ MORELeading global law firm, Baker McKenzie, has advised Menacrest AG, a joint venture between global digital operator, VEON Ltd (Nasdaq:
READ MOREIn California, owning a firearm isn’t just about exercising a right — it’s about carrying a serious responsibility. The Golden
READ MOREOn August 14, 2025, the Supreme Court reserved its judgment on an interim plea seeking to stay the August 11
READ MORESpain is reeling under one of its worst wildfire seasons as a brutal heatwave and parched landscapes fuel rampant blazes
READ MOREThe end of a relationship often brings the difficult task of dividing shared assets and debts. From the family home
READ MORELinklaters advised Impact Investment Exchange (IIX), a Singapore-based impact investor, on the issuance of its US$52.8m Women’s Livelihood Bond (WLB7),
READ MORELONDON, AUGUST 2025– kings college London has joined a 4.7 million euros European research consortium that aims to push forensic
READ MOREIn a landmark achievement for forensic science in Uttar Pradesh, the Kannauj Forensic Science Laboratory has proudly received the ISO
READ MOREEven a quick trip to pick up printer paper, grab catered lunch for a client meeting, or drop off a
READ MOREAbout 100 lives were lost in Washington State alone during the 2021 Pacific Northwest heat wave. Juliana Leon was one
READ MOREDharmasthala, a revered town in Karnataka, has become the epicentre of a high-profile forensic investigation following shocking allegations of mass
READ MORESidley is representing the initial purchasers in Snap Inc.’s offering of an upsized US$550 million aggregate principal amount of 6.875%
READ MOREFurther to Baker McKenzie’s mandate supporting Tata Autocomp Systems Limited (TACO) with its majority acquisition of Artifex Interior Systems
READ MOREBaker McKenzie has advised alternative investment manager Cheyne Capital on the refinancing of Kaffee Partner, a leading provider of
READ MOREBaker McKenzie Cairo has acted as legal counsel to a consortium led by Banque Misr S.A.E., which served as
READ MORELeading global law firm, Baker McKenzie, has advised British American Tobacco (BAT) on its new global strategic partnership with
READ MOREThe Tamil Nadu Forest Department has launched a thorough investigation following the theft of two elephant tusks from the Mukurti
READ MOREMANGALUTRU, AUGUST 2025 – What began as unverified social media whispers has now evolved into one of India’s most high-profile
READ MORERopes & Gray represented Cordillera Investment Partners in a minority investment in the women’s football club Denver Summit FC. Denver
READ MORETruck accidents are among the most devastating incidents on the road. Your life can change in seconds; physically, emotionally, and
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised Tata Motors, a global automotive leader, on the envisaged €3.8 billion recommended voluntary
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance advised the Steering Committee of lenders under the Super Senior Revolving Credit Facility on Intrum
READ MOREEverybody believes the insurance provider will handle the claim reasonably when they are injured in an accident. Though insurers are
READ MORETransporting a vehicle from one state to another, such as interstate auto transport, can be daunting for anyone who has
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised on two successful new share placements on the Main Board of the Hong
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised specialized healthcare investor Gilde Healthcare on financing the combined private equity investments in
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised APG and two other co-investors on their investments in the newly established Goodman
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised Bridgepoint, one of the world’s leading quoted private asset growth investors, as well
READ MOREBeing in a car accident can be overwhelming, especially when you’re dealing with injuries, medical bills, and pushback from insurance
READ MOREGlobal law firm Clifford Chance has advised a syndicate of lenders (comprising BBVA, BNP Paribas and Commerzbank) and SACE, the
READ MOREClifford Chance have advised the joint bookrunners, Citi and ICBC Standard Bank, on Türkiye Halk Bankası (Halkbank)’s USD 700 million
READ MOREThe Karnataka High Court has delivered a significant judgment, ruling that Google India Private Limited cannot be held liable for
READ MOREHong Kong is a leading hub for entrepreneurs looking to expand into Asia and beyond. With its strategic location, simple
READ MORESuffering a personal injury—whether from a car accident, workplace mishap, slip and fall, or medical malpractice—can be a life-altering experience.
READ MOREWhen you hear someone say a case is complex, it can sound vague. But in personal injury law, complexity has
READ MOREThe Getty Images vs. Stability AI case is a recent landmark copyright battle that could significantly impact how AI tools
READ MOREThe European Union is gearing up to respond forcefully to former U.S. President Donald Trump’s latest threat of a major
READ MORELos Angeles has initiated legal action against Airbnb, accusing the home rental giant of enabling widespread price gouging during January’s
READ MOREA leading internet trade association, representing platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and Snapchat, has petitioned the US Supreme Court to
READ MORECar accidents are stressful enough without worrying about whether you’re being understood correctly. For the millions of Spanish-speaking residents in
READ MORELegal disputes can be time-consuming, costly, and emotionally draining, often leading individuals and businesses to feel trapped in a prolonged
READ MOREHealthcare professionals are supposed to maintain strict standards of care when diagnosing and treating patients. However, mistakes still occur, and
READ MOREVehicle collision experiences create overwhelming physical and emotional responses. Regardless of incident severity, from minor impacts to serious collisions, understanding
READ MORESidley advised Stonepeak, a leading alternative investment firm specializing in infrastructure and real assets, on its US$1.3 billion preferred equity
READ MORESidley represented placing agents in the placing of 15.5 million new H shares under general mandate by iMotion Automotive Technology
READ MOREWe all want the best possible healthcare experience. But sometimes, things don’t go as planned. You might feel unheard, misunderstood,
READ MOREThe landscape of cryptocurrency regulation is rapidly evolving as digital assets mature from niche experiments into mainstream financial instruments. Securing
READ MORELondon—Dentons has acted as legal adviser to a consortium of leading lenders made up of ING, Nord/LB, Rabobank and Santander
READ MORERopes & Gray has advised Cablevision Funding LLC, an unrestricted subsidiary of CSC Holdings, LLC (a subsidiary of Altice USA)
READ MORESustaining an injury on a premises is quite common. 2.6 million injuries occurred in the workplace in 2023, many of
READ MOREIndia defends its ongoing imports of Russian crude oil after a warning from NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte about the potential
READ MOREDamascus – July 18, 2025: The United States has brokered a ceasefire agreement aimed at halting a surge of violence
READ MORELegal battles often create a perfect storm of emotional stress and financial strain. While pursuing justice, plaintiffs frequently struggle with
READ MORESamsung Electronics Executive Chairman Lee Jae-yong has been acquitted of stock and accounting fraud by South Korea’s top court, bringing
READ MOREMeta Platforms and CEO Mark Zuckerberg have reached a confidential settlement with investors, bringing an abrupt end to a high-profile
READ MOREDublin—Dentons Dublin has acted as Irish counsel on the following two transactions for eir, the largest provider of fixed line
READ MOREDentons has advised Develia developer on the sale of the Arkady Wrocławskie shopping center to Vastint Poland, a company developing
READ MOREDentons HPRP is acting as legal counsel to PT Integrasi Jaringan Ekosistem (IJE), an Indonesian telecommunications company and a subsidiary
READ MOREBucharest—Global law firm Dentons has advised Alpha Bank S.A. Greece and its local subsidiary in Luxembourg and Alpha Bank Romania
READ MOREIn today’s fast-paced world, writing checks may seem like an old-fashioned way to make payments. However, it remains an important
READ MOREFinding out you are no longer welcome for assistance can hit hard and leave you scrambling for next steps. The
READ MOREThe U.S. State Department has begun laying off over 1,350 domestic staffers as part of a sweeping realignment under President
READ MOREВиртуальные казино предоставляют пользователям обширный спектр возможностей для развлечения и дохода. Одним из основных плюсов оказывается доступность игр круглосуточно и
READ MOREA serious injury can change everything in your life in an instant. Physical pain, emotional stress, money problems, and complicated
READ MOREThe recent blocking of over 2,300 X (formerly Twitter) accounts in India, including those of major international news organisations such
READ MOREThe UK government’s rapid adoption of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in its welfare system has triggered grave human rights
READ MOREIn a first for Europe, Denmark has proposed a groundbreaking law that gives people copyright-like protection over their face, voice,
READ MORESince the financing bros go, he is enlightened, self-deprecating, and you can thinking-alert sufficient to transcend the new implications of
READ MOREDer Verlierer steigt dann in die zweite schwedische Eishockeyliga HockeyAllsvenskan ab. Der Letzte und der Vorletzte spielen eine Playout-Serie, Best-of-Seven.
READ MOREEs kann auch eine familiäre Vorgeschichte geben, die jemanden anfälliger für Sucht macht. Auf der mentalen Seite könnte jemand, der
READ MOREOne which just cash out your own iCasino incentive, you’ll need to gamble some online game. The new vista out
READ MORELed by Frankfurt-based partner Prof. Dr. Michael Schlitt, global law firm Hogan Lovells advised COMMERZBANK AG on the preparation and
READ MOREA multijurisdictional team of global law firm Hogan Lovells lead by Frankfurt partner Sven Brandt and counsel Sebastian Oebels advised
READ MOREEgypt is next invest the brand new activities event regarding the 1928 and also the 1964 Olympics. Individual investment rose
READ MOREseverance package review Ontario When employment ends in Ontario, one of the key concerns for many workers is understanding their
READ MOREMedical malpractice can cause serious harm, and legal representation is crucial. This article explores the costs associated with hiring a
READ MORESidley is acting as counsel for Athora Holding Ltd. (Athora), a leading European savings and retirement services provider, in its
READ MORELed by Frankfurt-based partner Prof. Dr. Michael Schlitt, global law firm Hogan Lovells advised COMMERZBANK AG on the preparation and
READ MOREMilan, 1 July 2025 – Global law firm Hogan Lovells has advised Siemens Bank GmbH, a pan-European corporate lending franchise
READ MOREBII’s investment is expected to create over 2,000 new jobs and accelerate India’s progress toward its ambitious target of 500
READ MOREThe Trump administration has sparked a legal dispute over executive power and the independence of government agencies by asking the
READ MORESidley is representing Dearborn Group, a national provider of ancillary benefits, in the sale of Dearborn’s group life and disability
READ MORELaw students in Malaysia, in particular, gain a comprehensive understanding of the legal system supported by social institutions through this
READ MOREDLA Piper has advised its long-standing client Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Ltd. (Ping An) on its successful
READ MOREGlobal law firm Dentons has advised two Turkish renewables companies on the acquisition of solar parks in Romania, one with
READ MOREAfter the success of the LawStrings Pickleball Premier League, LawStrings Management has officially announced the launch of the LawStrings Pickleball
READ MOREJones Day announced that Michelle T. Davies and Rob McNabb have joined the Firm as partners in its Energy Practice.
READ MOREDentons Davis Brown is pleased to announce a significant courtroom victory following an eight-day jury trial and more than two
READ MOREDLA Piper has advised Julong Holding Limited (Julong), a provider of intelligent integrated engineering solutions to public utilities, commercial properties,
READ MOREDentons has advised mBank, one of the largest financial services groups in Poland and a leader in digital and mobile
READ MOREDentons Hong Kong advised Lending Ark Capital (the Asia private structured credit arm of CITIC Securities CLSA Capital Partners (HK)
READ MORELegal disputes rarely prove easy. Conflicts, whether over divorce, child custody, or business disagreements, drain emotional, mental, and financial resources
READ MOREAn uncontested divorce seems straightforward when both partners consent to separation conditions, yet significant errors may still disrupt the proceedings
READ MOREIt can be embarrassing to get arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). At that moment, you may be confused, but
READ MOREOn June 25, 2025, Meta secured a major legal victory in a high-profile U.S. copyright lawsuit accusing its AI models
READ MOREOn 27 June 2025, in a 6-3 ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court gave a landmark judgment that deepens America’s culture
READ MOREGetting a driver’s license, whether it’s a first one, a renewal, or an international permit, is an important step that
READ MOREInsurance disputes represent one of the most complex areas of litigation, where the stakes are high for both policyholders and
READ MOREAccidents can happen anywhere. You may slip at the grocery store, a neighbor’s dog could bite you, or a driver
READ MOREDentons Link Legal advised IDBI Capital Markets & Securities Limited, BNP Paribas, Emkay Global Financial Services, Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors
READ MORELondon, 24 June 2025 – Global law firm Hogan Lovells is advising thirty-three members of the Muddusjärvi Reindeer Herders’ Cooperative
READ MOREPicture this: you’ve snapped a gorgeous twilight shot of the Opera House, spent hours colour-grading it, and just as you’re
READ MORELondon, 24 June 2025 – Global law firm Hogan Lovells has advised The Crown Estate on its award of options to
READ MOREBaker McKenzie advised Weave Living, Asia Pacific’s preeminent living sector specialist, on its joint venture with BlackRock and Lian Beng
READ MOREDentons advised Ciklum, a global experience engineering firm, on its acquisition of GoSolve Group, a cloud-native software development company specializing
READ MORERopes & Gray represented Sanofi in its investment in Draig Therapeutics’ $140 million Series A financing. Draig Therapeutics is a
READ MORERopes & Gray representsAltice France, a leading telecommunications provider and media conglomerate, in its chapter 15 proceedings to seek recognition
READ MORERopes & Gray represented Sanofi and EQT Life Sciences in their investment in SpliceBio’s $135 million Series B financing. SpliceBio is a
READ MOREElon Musk’s X (formerly Twitter) has filed a complaint in a federal court in Manhattan, seeking to halt the law,
READ MORELeading global law firm Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer has advised Adriatic Metals Plc (Adriatic) on its recommended acquisition by Dundee
READ MOREIf you’re involved in a bicycle accident, you must protect your health and legal rights. Unfortunately, even small missteps can
READ MOREAI is no longer knocking at the door of car accident litigation; it’s already inside. Whether you’ve welcomed it or
READ MOREGetting your benefits claim denied can be a major cause of frustration. Whether your claim was for health insurance, disability,
READ MOREFacing a DUI charge in Maryland is serious. The penalties are harsh, and the legal process can be overwhelming. That’s
READ MOREFamily law is one of the most emotionally charged areas of the legal system, touching on personal relationships, children, and
READ MOREA car accident is an unexpected disruption that can alter the course of your life. The physical injuries, emotional toll,
READ MOREIf you’ve been in a car accident that wasn’t your fault, you might feel overwhelmed and unsure of what to
READ MOREA recent honeymoon murder case has shocked the entire nation. Indore-based businessman Raja Raghuvanshi was found dead in a gorge
READ MOREThe Bombay High Court, in its detailed judgment, upheld the decision of the Registrar of Trade Marks to refuse TikTok’s
READ MOREIn today’s data-driven world, trucking accidents are no longer reconstructed solely through eyewitness accounts or skid marks—they’re decoded through black
READ MOREWhen a relationship ends, dividing shared property can be one of the most challenging aspects of separation. The process often
READ MOREIn a dramatic about-face, former allies Elon Musk and Donald Trump are entangled in an intense public feud that is
READ MOREThe pan-European consumer group BEUC has formally lodged a complaint with the European Commission against fast-fashion retailer Shein, accusing the
READ MORELawyers do a lot of their work through messages and video calls now. Clients expect fast replies. Colleagues chat across
READ MORESharmistha Panoli, a 22-year-old law student and social media influencer, who was arrested by West Bengal police on May 30,
READ MOREAfter a personal injury, one of the most critical steps is dealing with the insurance company—often while managing pain, paperwork,
READ MOREFacial recognition technology has been widely criticized for invading privacy, being inaccurate, and even contributing to wrongful arrests. But after
READ MOREHarvard University has recently achieved a significant victory in its legal fight against the Trump administration’s attempt to ban the
READ MORECar accidents can lead to a wide range of injuries, but few are as complex and life-altering as brain injuries.
READ MOREReddit has filed a lawsuit against Anthropic, an AI startup, alleging unauthorised scraping of its user-generated content to train Anthropic’s
READ MOREWhether it’s mutual or contested, simple or complex, separating from a spouse is one of the most emotional and life-changing
READ MOREUS immigration policy has always been a contentious topic, both domestically and internationally. Recent changes, particularly concerning deportation practices, are
READ MOREJune 2, 2025 – Herbert Smith Freehills (HSF) and Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel have completed their transatlantic merger, forming Herbert
READ MOREMost people wake up and go about their day without thinking too much about safety. They drive to work, walk
READ MOREIn recent years, the Ninth Circuit has emerged as a pivotal force in shaping modern securities litigation by departing from
READ MORESpousal maintenance is financial support one ex-spouse pays the other after a legal separation or divorce, by court order. It
READ MORERemember those old TV dramas where barristers dramatically pound the table, make grand speeches, and somehow win impossible cases through
READ MOREGoing to court can be intimidating. One of the first things you’ll encounter is the decision of whether to have
READ MOREHealthcare can feel complicated. Knowing your rights as a patient is crucial for receiving the best possible care and ensuring
READ MOREThe U.S. legal system follows specific procedures when charging someone with a crime. Two common methods are through a federal
READ MOREFacing a felony charge can feel like watching your life unravel in slow motion as each piece of your freedom,
READ MORETruck accidents often result in devastating consequences due to the sheer size and weight difference between commercial trucks and passenger
READ MOREYou navigate the aftermath of a car crash in Florida. You may feel lost or overwhelmed. The state’s personal injury
READ MOREEmployers understand the importance of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). When it’s used correctly, it protects employees during
READ MORENavigating the Social Security Disability (SSD) process can be complex, time-consuming, and frustrating—especially if you’re already dealing with medical or
READ MOREIf you’ve been in a car accident, you may be wondering if you need a lawyer and what exactly they
READ MOREThere are 127.41 personal injury cases per 100k people in Florida, which is higher than the national average. If you’ve
READ MOREImagine a courtroom drama playing out, not just within the four walls of a courthouse, but across every news channel,
READ MOREDentons Link Legal acted as legal counsel to Tata Capital Limited in connection with the extension of financial assistance to
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